Lactobacillus plantarum plays an important role in maintaining human health. However, during the production process and after digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, the reduction in the number of viable bacteria seriously affects the probiotic effect. In this study, the micro-droplet spray system was used to prepare Lactobacillus plantarum microcapsules. Alginate, low-ester pectin and lecithin were used as composite wall materials, and the optimal concentration combination of wall materials was determined based on the microcapsule embedding rate. The results show that when 1% kg/L sodium alginate, 1% kg/L lecithin, 0.75% kg/L low-ester pectin, and 0.4 mol/L calcium chloride are used as wall materials, the highest microcapsule embedding rate is 89.05%. After the microcapsules are treated with simulated gastric juice for 2 h, the survival rate of the bacteria is 62.3%, and the number of viable bacteria is 4.38×10⁹ cfu/mL. After being treated with simulated intestinal juice, the microcapsules almost completely release after 2 h. The number of viable bacteria reaches 7.14×10⁹ cfu/mL. Microencapsules of Lactobacillus plantarum by micro-droplet spray reduces the damage of the bacteria by the environment and improves the survival rate of the bacteria in the host.