The impeller of the centrifugal blood pump can be divided into three types of structures: closed, semi-open and open according to the form of the cover plate, which is of great significance for assessing the hemolytic performance and structural stability of the blood pump. Based on this, the hydraulic performance and hemolytic performance of the three types of impeller blood pumps were compared and analyzed using numerical simulation. At the same time, the vibration response law generated by different impeller structures under the action of the flow field was investigated using the fluid-solid interaction method. The results show that the internal flow field of the semi-open impeller blood pump is more uniformly distributed, the blood transport effect is more superior, and the hemolysis index is reduced by 24.65% and 19.67% compared with that of the closed-type and open-type impeller pumps, respectively. The vibration displacement generated by the closed-type impeller under the force of the flow field is the smallest, and the structural stability is the best; semi-open and open impellers resulted in relatively large amplitude of vibration displacements due to relatively weak structural constraints. The cover plate design of the impeller helps to reduce the energy loss in the operation of the blood pump, enhance the pumping capacity, and increase the structural stability of the impeller. However, the existence of the front cover plate may increase the risk of blood damage, so the selection of the impeller structure needs to be emphasized in the design stage to effectively enhance the overall performance of the blood pump.